The article analyzes the trends, challenges, and developmental prospects of the Russian stock market. The relevance of the study is based on the developmental trends of the Russian stock market influencing the establishment of the financial system and the provision of the national financial security of the state. The object of the study is the Russian stock market. The subject of the study is the developmental trends of the Russian stock market. The current state of the stock market has been assessed, with triggers and limiting factors determined. The main developmental trends of the Russian stock market were examined based on the conditions of international economic and financial sanctions. The article studies the prospects of modern trends in the technological development of alternative finances, affecting the prospects of Russian stock market development. Despite the negative effect of international sanctions in 2022, the authors concluded that there is an uptrend in the market capitalization of the Russian stock market in 2023. The growth is due to the transformation of the bond market and the establishment of its autonomy from global financial markets.

The article aims to study issues of regional development in Russia during a crisis, as well as to design and test a method for examining issues of economic security in a region. A theory on evaluating the social and economic development of Russian regions based on the assessment of the economic security level was reviewed, and the most outstanding methods proposed by the Russian academics were considered. The authors introduced their own method for conducting such evaluation based on the index approach. Three groups of indicators were identified and included economic, social, and indicators of the population’s life quality. These indicators were assessed as individual indexes and grouped into a consolidated index of the economic security level. In addition, the authors suggested combining regions in clusters according to the obtained index values. The method was tested in the Russian regions from 2016 to 2021. As a result, 11 regions were recognized as having low economic indexes. It is recommended to focus mainly on increasing the level of economic security in these regions. The target group of regions with the highest values of indexes was determined.

The study aims to examine the theoretical foundation and basic trends in the development of customs marketing regarding the environment of its functioning. The objectives of the study include examining the theoretical foundation of customs marketing through the analysis of scientific literature and publications on the issue in question; analyzing principles and methods of general marketing and their application in conditions of customs marketing; analyzing internal and external factors influencing the efficiency of customs marketing; and assessing the effective cooperation of state authorities, enterprises, and organizations under the development of customs marketing.
General scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, and generalization were used in the study. Based on the conducted research, the authors analyzed the theoretical foundation of customs marketing and the marketing environment itself and demonstrated the link between the current environment for customs service authorities’ operation and the development of customs marketing. The definition of state customs services was given. The primary criteria for customs authorities’ operation, as well as the outcome of their activity, were established.

In conditions of external sanctions against the Russian Federation and limited access to the global markets for goods, services, and capital, there is an issue of mismatch between theirs supply and demand in the domestic market. To adequately address this issue, the country’s economy must be restructured, which necessitates detailed study of macroeconomic ratios. The study aims to examine the structural ratios in the Russian economy, which are related to the country’s sectoral and branch structures, in order to assess quantitative and qualitative indicators of economic development. The research’s methodology is based on sector theory and the concept of the branch structure of the economy. To achieve the aim, the study is carried out according to the established stages, consistently producing the corresponding results. At the first stage, the ratios between the three major sectors of the economy (agricultural, industry, and services) are estimated as part of the economy of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 2022. At the second stage, the interbranch ratios of the country’s economy are studied based on the input‒output tables from 2011 to 2016, covering 16 types of economic activity (sections A–R according to the OKVED-2007 classifier). At the same stage, the structure of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation from 2016 to 2022 is evaluated using statistical data on gross value added (sections A–T according to the OKVED2 classifier). The final stage of the research draws applicable findings based on the analysis performed. The authors argue that in the face of unprecedented sanctions, the domestic economy requires more intensive growth, as well as a shift in its interbranch and technological structure through the development of manufacturing industries that ensure the production of high-tech products using various types of innovations

The burning issues in Russian society, such as population aging and labor shortages, require leveling by searching for state policy tools. The study aims to determine migration patterns in Russia from 2015 to 2021, as well as to form a set of state policy measures for maintaining migration growth as a tool to achieve socio-economic and demographic effects for the national economy. The objectives of the study are to analyze migration processes in 2011‒2021, classify the factors causing the imbalance in migration processes in Russia, and substantiate measures to maintain migration growth in Russia amid increasing socio-economic and political instability. The study was conducted using the following methods: economic analysis, comparative analysis, graph method, systematization, and systematic approach. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of migration processes in Russia from 2011 to 2021, which emphasizes the importance of managing migration processes in addressing burning issues in Russian society. The dynamics of the migration growth of the Russian population over a ten-year period have been studied, the points of highest decline have been identified, and the causes for their existence have been revealed. The features of international migration are investigated. It is concluded that the potential of foreign migration movements to fill the labor shortage in Russia is decreasing. Positive and negative trends in the domestic population movement in Russia have been identified. The vectors of migration process management are substantiated in order to eliminate the existing issues in terms of demography, labor market functioning, and the rise in social conflict. The study’s findings lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to maintain the population migration growth, especially during times of increasing political tension, as well as to attract qualified specialists to Russia to address the issues of natural population loss and to fill the labor shortage.

The beginning of the twenty-first century was marked by various economic crises that affected the economy and changed the state budget structure. The fiscal policy is designed to stabilize the economy by using such tools as automatic and discretionary stabilizers. The work employed statistical analysis methods, specifically region clustering using the k-mean approach, calculating statistical indicators, and assessing budgets with the share calculated by expenditure items and the supplied value by 2005 per capita. Conclusions are made about changes in the structure of expenditures during crises and their response to budgetary policy instruments. At the same time, the cause of the crisis is reflected in the structure of expenditures; for instance, an increase in expenditures on the national economy was noted in 2009, while an increase in healthcare costs happened in 2020. In addition, the classification of regions into clusters did not reveal the specifics of the budget structure, but budget features are observed among regions when they are classified into two categories: high gratuitous receipts (greater than 20 % of income) and moderate (up to 20 % of income). Thus, in regions with a high share of gratuitous receipts, there is an increase in spending on social policy per capita at comparable prices, whereas there is an increase in spending on healthcare regarding the moderate share. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results when writing analytical reports for public authorities and developing measures for various stages of the economic cycle.

Nowadays, the amount of uncertainty surrounding the processes of forecasting the further establishment of a business system is increasing, resulting in the need for new approaches for detecting and managing the economic security risks of business systems. The study aims to examine the current risks to the state and regions’ economic security, as well as to develop an efficient tool for managing the risks to business systems in order to improve their adaptability in turbulent periods. The authors set the following objectives: systematization of the economic security risks of business systems at the given stage; examination of the causes and features of current risks affecting the condition of the state’s economic security; and search for managing approaches for risks in order to improve the adaptability of business systems. The authors identified economic sustainability risks, potential development risks, and social welfare risks. They also proposed a system of indicators for detecting existing economic risks. The article analyzed certain indicators of economic security from 2019 to 2021 in order to identify areas of vulnerability in Russian business systems. The ground for the tension and the economic security risks were determined. The authors introduced their own approach for developing a management system for the economic security risks of business systems, including determining a level of uncertainty (high, moderate, or low), a level of risk (high, moderate, or low), and appropriate urgent and strategic measures on the spot.

The subject of the study is the formation and dynamics of criminal jargon as an integral element of the criminal subculture of the professional criminal community of pre-revolutionary Russia. The study aims to analyze the peculiarities of the formation and dynamics of criminal jargon as a special social dialect of the domestic criminal environment of the pre-revolutionary period. The objectives of the study are to determine the time of the origin of criminal jargon in the criminal environment of pre-revolutionary Russia, identify the main functions of the thieves cant used by domestic criminals in the period under review, and analyze the development of criminal jargon as an integral element of the criminal subculture in various chronological periods. The methodological base of the study is represented by a set of general and private scientific methods, including chronological, comparative legal, formal logical, and some other research methods. It was determined that at different stages of the development of the criminal world, according to the changes in criminal jargon, different trends in the development of the criminal environment can be identified. In the 17th century, the underclass actively produced and employed criminal jargon in pre-revolutionary Russia. The secret language served such purposes as identification, communication, and conspiracy. The formation of a special thieves cant in the criminal environment of pre-revolutionary Russia is associated with the qualitative transformation of the Russian criminal world and the isolation of a community of professional criminals from the criminal environment. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thieves became an integral part of the criminal subculture, preserving and multiplying professional criminal traditions and customs.

The practice of territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation cooperating with prevention entities when working with persons registered in penal enforcement inspections in order to prevent individuals with repeated offenses from committing crimes is analyzed based on the provisions of the Federal Law of June 23, 2016 No. 182-FZ “On Basics of the Prevention System in the Russian Federation”. The authors aim to make the importance of such cooperation, the expediency of applying and implementing positive regional experience a focal point for both the scientific community and the leadership of various departmental structural units. Therefore, the objectives of the study are the following: gathering analytical data from the territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation, analyzing ongoing cooperation, and, with statistical data considered, identifying the most interesting and effective practices based on various legislative acts. The authors used general legal methods as well as comparative analysis to conduct the study. The article substantiates the need to take into account the positive experience of territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia cooperating with prevention entities within their
competence prior to the entry into force of some provisions of the Federal Law of February 6, 2023 No. 10-FZ “On Probation in the Russian Federation”.

The article reveals the relevance and absolute need for introducing a new institution into the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The study aims to investigate the aspect of criminal legal protection of state control (supervision) officers. The main objective of the study is to consider the issue of amending the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Methods of empirical research (comparative and legal analysis), synthesis, induction, and deduction were used in the course of the study. As a result of the study, the authors propose a regulation that will ensure state protection for a certain category of officers.

The article is devoted to the clarification of specific features of on-site testimony. The author substantiates the idea that the concept of on-site testimony verification and its features can be established by analyzing the legal literature on the issue and its legislative regulation, as well as by the materials of judicial practice. The author summarized new material on the topic in question: examples from court practice from 2012, studies of domestic authors since 2003. A comprehensive use of this investigative procedure in inspecting road traffic offenses was proposed. The author analyzed the available points of view in the literature and judicial practice materials, listed features of on-site testimony verification, and gave a definition of the concept of on-site testimony verification.

The article discusses the legal issues of implementing certain powers of local self-government bodies that are not related to local matters, using the example of selecting places for convicts to serve corrective labor. The author revealed the incompetence of local self-government bodies regarding this power and the lack of legal tools for its effective implementation. The causes and conditions for such power occurrences are analyzed. The proposed example illustrates the shortcomings in law-making activities under the reformation of public authorities’ competence. The dynamics of changes in public authorities’ competence are reflected using comparative legal analysis as well as historical and political type of law interpretation. The author briefly analyzes a legal phenomenon similar to non-retroactivity, but relating to an existing regulation, which implementation is more complicated, rather than a regulation that has become invalid and is being applied.

The article analyzes empirical material obtained from various penal institutions of the territorial agencies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation, where the criminological profile of convicts sentenced for official malfeasance and corruption crimes is studied. Specific features of the criminal and legal characterization of the committed act are identified through the application of system and structural, and statistical research methods. The article considers indicators of correlation between the gravity of the crime, the term of the sentence, and types of complicity. Furthermore, the attention is paid to the existence or absence of an additional penalty imposed. The grounds for exemption from punishment for this type of convicts are examined. Convicted men and women are considered as separate groups, and comparison with the total number of convicted persons is conducted. As a conclusion, there is a need to study these characteristics in greater depth.